Tuesday, June 23, 2020

Jubilee Ace - An Introduction to the Blockchain Technology for the Beginners


These days, technology is scaling newer heights of success at an unbelievably fast pace. One of the latest triumphs in this direction is the evolution of the Blockchain technology. Jubilee Ace new technology has greatly influenced the finance sector. In fact, it was initially developed for Bitcoin — the digital currency. But now, it finds its application in a number of other things as well.
Coming across this far was probably easy. But, one is yet to know what is Blockchain?

A distributed database

Imagine an electronic spreadsheet, which is copied umpteen number of times across a computer network. Now, imagine the computer network is designed so smartly that it regularly updates the spreadsheet on its own. This is a broad overview of the Blockchain. Blockchain holds information as a shared database. Moreover, this database gets reconciled continuously.

This approach has its own benefits. It does not allow the database to be stored at any single location. The records in it possess genuine public attribute and can be verified very easily. As there’s no centralised version of the records, unauthorised users have no means to manipulate with and corrupt the data. The Blockchain distributed database is simultaneously hosted by millions of computers, making the data easily accessible to almost anyone across the virtual web.

To make the concept or the technology clearer, it is a good idea to discuss the Google Docs analogy.



Google Docs analogy for Blockchain

After the advent of the eMail, the conventional way of sharing documents is to send a Microsoft Word doc as attachment to a recipient or recipients.

Jubilee Ace recipients will take their sweet time to go through it, before they send back the revised copy. In this approach, one needs to wait till receiving the return copy to see the changes made to the document. This happens because the sender is locked out from making corrections till the recipient is done with the editing and sends the document back. Contemporary databases do not allow two owners access the same record at the same time. This is how banks maintain balances of their clients or account-holders.

In contrast to the set practice, Google docs allow both the parties to access the same document at the same time. Moreover, it also allows to view a single version of the document to both of them simultaneously. Just like a shared ledger, the Google Docs also acts as a shared document. The distributed part only becomes relevant when the sharing involves multiple users. The Blockchain technology is, in a way, an extension of this concept. However, it is important to point out here that the Blockchain is not meant to share documents. Rather, it is just an analogy, which will help to have clear-cut idea about this cutting-edge technology.

Salient Blockchain features

Blockchain stores blocks of information across the network, that are identical. By virtue of this feature:

The data or information cannot be controlled by any single, particular entity.

There can’t be no single failure point either.

The data is hold in a public network, which ensures absolute transparency in the overall procedure.

Wednesday, June 17, 2020

Jubilee Ace - Bitcoin Investment Plan as Profitable Source of Income


Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency, the currency that is hidden, secret, or unknown to the public. It is a kind of digital currency that was created in 2009. Transactions are made online, from computer to computer or mobile phone. It has no physical existence. It is just a computer file stored in a computer having a link from person to person. Bitcoins can be bought or sold on a Bitcoin exchange. It may transfer between users and store on a special website. It’s most salient feature is that it is not controlled by any government authority.

Jubilee Ace Transactions are made directly from user to user without the mediation of any bank or financial agency. Before going into the details, it necessary to define some necessary terms.

Blockchain technology

A Blockchain is a database software installed on a computer or mobile phone of user, enabling him to make transactions.

Private Key

Bitcoin has a secret key called the private key that can be used to make transactions. This is a security code, that notifies the user that the transaction has made successfully.



Cryptographic Signature

The Jubilee Ace Cryptographic signature is a mathematical process that allows someone to prove ownership. The alteration of transactions is prevented by the signatures.

Mining

Mining is a process that provides security and confirms Bitcoin transactions. Without Bitcoin miners, the system may be attacked and defunct.

Investment in Bitcoins:

Due to global financial crises, a trend is being developed among investors of the world whether cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, profitable investment for them. It has predicted that in the post corona scenario, there will be high institutional demand for bitcoin. They think the following reasons why Bitcoin is an attractive investment.

As the stock market is shock-sensitive, every type of turmoil situation directly hit the market so in the aftermath of corona situation investment in the stock market will not be attractive. It is well- the fact that due to corona a lot of industrial units have been shut down or going to be shut.
As share prices in stock markets fluctuate with fluctuation of industrial financial circumstances, so if the industry is going in crises to the reason that demands of their products are going downward, so in the prevailing situation investors will not take a risk. So bitcoin is a safe investment for them.

Wednesday, May 20, 2020

Jubilee Ace - Bitcoin A Secure Investment for the Future


Bitcoin is an online digital currency, just like a dollar or a pound but with a few exceptions. where no intermediaries exist and goods can be securely transferred between any two people on the planet. Jubilee Ace company is associated with a heavy network of computers and the unit of currency for the Bitcoin system (appropriately called Bitcoin) can be simply acquired by joining the vast network. Bitcoin provides a fast cheap and secure transaction alternative but few are willing to take the jump for it. So the one million dollar question still lingers, is Bitcoin a secure investment?

Bitcoin is only a few years old, an interesting creation that has awed many and for the record, has attained a name in the top financial charts. Its popularity has spanned and it has led some of the top businesses like Virgin Galactic to consider it as an acceptable source of payment. Bitcoin prices increase at rates of up to 10% and continue to dominate as the alpha of the market and this has made many interested in investing in it.



Another special feature of Bitcoin is that it does not have a central bank and neither does a central government control it. It’s a global currency and its creation and existence lies behind a complex and geeky mathematical algorithm that enables it to shadow government related mishaps. Cases of political instability and government absurdities that plunge the economy down to shame and lead years of investments in a currency down the drain do not occur in the crypto-currency system. This creates a secure and friendly investment opportunity with low inflation risks.

The Downside

With an ever-amazing upside, crypto-currency also has its downs. As mentioned, this thing is still taking baby steps; and with that comes great uncertainties. Bitcoin prices are volatile; currently increasing sharply and can fluctuate at 30% to 40% in a month. The world is still surprised at its emergence and there exists very few Bitcoin holders and Bitcoin.

Jubilee Ace leads to unanswered questions and cold fear among people as investing in a new unpredictable ‘gold mine’ can yield devastating effects. Its newness brings forth lack of regulations and scares off potential investors.

The enigma surrounding the Bitcoin system is a major factor to be considered. Anything can happen and everyone participating in the Bitcoin market is on a high alert. China in December 2013 eliminated the use of Bitcoin and this led to a drastic drop to its value from $1240 to $576 in just three weeks. Programmers also determine the functionality of this global currency and many question the thought of risking their finances for some group of geeks. This prevents many from venturing into the system and increases the risk of Bitcoin investment ever so highly.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Jubilee Ace - Three Steps to Make an Investment Plan


If you invest you need an investment plan. Your chances of reaching your commercial intentions soar if your investments are based on sound principles and a written plan. Your chances for failure are increased exponentially with every investment representing step you fail to complete.

The financial world changes immediately. Markets go up, they go down. Business change movement and business cycles fluctuate. Diplomacies, financial policy, and world events knock your finances off course at a rapid pace.

A destination for early-stage corporations to acquire capital for growth. Jubilee Ace is an investment company and which bring about innovative solutions for the existing gaps in the businesses, backed by a great team. Our focus — investing in Innovation, Leadership, and Growth. For eg — A pilot has a plan before taking off. They run through a pre-flight checklist, make sure they know where they’re going, what to expect from the weather, and what time they need to move to reach their destination. Can you imagine if your pilot didn’t have a plan? What is your backup if the weather struggles you off course? What if you have a mechanical issue and require to land somewhere else? Every pilot knows ahead of time how to deal with challenges.



We bring in the expertise of recognizing and building large corporations even from a concept. Our team at Jubilee Ace has a wide range of experience in helping companies develop, fill gaps in the market and help create winning companies. Investing can be difficult, complicated, and even scary. But a well-structured investment plan can take the fear out of investing and deposit you on track to attain your goals.

Just how do you create an investment plan? Here are a few short steps to get you well on your way to investing success! These are just a start however and there is much to be learned over time.

Define Your Goals: You need to know where you’re going to figuring out how to get there. What are you investing for? Retirement? The kid’s college? A large purchase? Once you define your goals you can calculate how much it will take to achieve them.

Create Your Investment Policy: An Investment Policy Statement (IPS) is a document which defines the parameters for which you’ll invest. It should be in writing and it’s a very important part of your investment plan management. It helps you avoid ad hoc revisions to an otherwise well thought out advance artifice and implements a framework for making wise investment decisions in the future. Your Investment Policy Statement should detail the types of expenses you’ll own, how you’ll select the managers for your properties (which mutual funds or ETF’s maybe purchase), how you’ll replace those properties when necessary, what percentages of which asset classes will be purchased, when you’ll need to draw income and how much, how you’ll manage and monitor your investments, when you’ll re-balance your portfolio.

Manage, Monitor and Maintain: Finally, it’s not enough just to invest your money and forget about it! Investing takes time and you should schedule a portfolio investment review at least annually if not semi-annually.



Each investment review should pursue your current property assets upon a benchmark of where you should be in order to meet your goals. It should also prompt a fresh round of due diligence and an asset allocation check on your finances. Mutual funds or ETF’s which were once great may have fallen out of favor, and because the world becomes so rapidly it’s a certainty that your asset allocation will have changed which may need adjusting.

The important thing to remember is that if your investment plan was performed accurately up front, you should continue to have faith and confidence in it — yet the process will need to be monitored and refined. Make changes and improvements over time as your financial situation changes, but never make emotional random changes in response to market fluctuations.

The Jubilee Ace organization believes entrepreneurs can shape the future of the world. We want to partner with passionate and energetic entrepreneurs who have the drive to change the future.

Monday, March 2, 2020

Jubilee Ace - Three Steps to Make an Investment Plan


If you invest you need an investment plan. Your chances of reaching your commercial intentions soar if your investments are based on sound principles and a written plan. Your chances for failure are increased exponentially with every investment representing step you fail to complete.

The financial world changes immediately. Markets go up, they go down. Business change movement and business cycles fluctuate. Diplomacies, financial policy, and world events knock your finances off course at a rapid pace.

 Jubilee Ace is an investment company and which bring about innovative solutions for the existing gaps in the businesses, backed by a great team. Our focus — investing in Innovation, Leadership, and Growth. For eg — A pilot has a plan before taking off. They run through a pre-flight checklist, make sure they know where they’re going, what to expect from the weather, and what time they need to move to reach their destination. Can you imagine if your pilot didn’t have a plan? What is your backup if the weather struggles you off course? What if you have a mechanical issue and require to land somewhere else? Every pilot knows ahead of time how to deal with challenges.



We bring in the expertise of recognizing and building large corporations even from a concept. Our team at Jubilee Ace has a wide range of experience in helping companies develop, fill gaps in the market and help create winning companies. Investing can be difficult, complicated, and even scary. But a well-structured investment plan can take the fear out of investing and deposit you on track to attain your goals.

Just how do you create an investment plan? Here are a few short steps to get you well on your way to investing success! These are just a start however and there is much to be learned over time.

Define Your Goals: You need to know where you’re going to figuring out how to get there. What are you investing for? Retirement? The kid’s college? A large purchase? Once you define your goals you can calculate how much it will take to achieve them.

Create Your Investment Policy: An Investment Policy Statement (IPS) is a document which defines the parameters for which you’ll invest. It should be in writing and it’s a very important part of your investment plan management. It helps you avoid ad hoc revisions to an otherwise well thought out advance artifice and implements a framework for making wise investment decisions in the future. Your Investment Policy Statement should detail the types of expenses you’ll own, how you’ll select the managers for your properties (which mutual funds or ETF’s maybe purchase), how you’ll replace those properties when necessary, what percentages of which asset classes will be purchased, when you’ll need to draw income and how much, how you’ll manage and monitor your investments, when you’ll re-balance your portfolio.



Manage, Monitor and Maintain: Finally, it’s not enough just to invest your money and forget about it! Investing takes time and you should schedule a portfolio investment review at least annually if not semi-annually.

Each investment review should pursue your current property assets upon a benchmark of where you should be in order to meet your goals. It should also prompt a fresh round of due diligence and an asset allocation check on your finances. Mutual funds or ETF’s which were once great may have fallen out of favor, and because the world becomes so rapidly it’s a certainty that your asset allocation will have changed which may need adjusting.

The important thing to remember is that if your investment plan was performed accurately up front, you should continue to have faith and confidence in it — yet the process will need to be monitored and refined. Make changes and improvements over time as your financial situation changes, but never make emotional random changes in response to market fluctuations.

The Jubilee Ace organization believes entrepreneurs can shape the future of the world. We want to partner with passionate and energetic entrepreneurs who have the drive to change the future.


Monday, February 24, 2020

Jubilee Ace - Bitcoin A Secure Investment for the Future


Bitcoin is an online digital currency, just like a dollar or a pound but with a few exceptions. where no intermediaries exist and goods can be securely transferred between any two people on the planet. Jubilee Ace company is associated with a heavy network of computers and the unit of currency for the Bitcoin system (appropriately called Bitcoin) can be simply acquired by joining the vast network. Bitcoin provides a fast cheap and secure transaction alternative but few are willing to take the jump for it. So the one million dollar question still lingers, is Bitcoin a secure investment?

Bitcoin is only a few years old, an interesting creation that has awed many and for the record, has attained a name in the top financial charts. Its popularity has spanned and it has led some of the top businesses like Virgin Galactic to consider it as an acceptable source of payment. Bitcoin prices increase at rates of up to 10% and continue to dominate as the alpha of the market and this has made many interested in investing in it.



Another special feature of Bitcoin is that it does not have a central bank and neither does a central government control it. It's a global currency and its creation and existence lies behind a complex and geeky mathematical algorithm that enables it to shadow government related mishaps. Cases of political instability and government absurdities that plunge the economy down to shame and lead years of investments in a currency down the drain do not occur in the crypto-currency system. This creates a secure and friendly investment opportunity with low inflation risks.

The Downside

With an ever-amazing upside, crypto-currency also has its downs. As mentioned, this thing is still taking baby steps; and with that comes great uncertainties. Bitcoin prices are volatile; currently increasing sharply and can fluctuate at 30% to 40% in a month. The world is still surprised at its emergence and there exists very few Bitcoin holders and Bitcoin. Jubilee Ace leads to unanswered questions and cold fear among people as investing in a new unpredictable 'gold mine' can yield devastating effects. Its newness brings forth lack of regulations and scares off potential investors.



The enigma surrounding the Bitcoin system is a major factor to be considered. Anything can happen and everyone participating in the Bitcoin market is on a high alert. China in December 2013 eliminated the use of Bitcoin and this led to a drastic drop to its value from $1240 to $576 in just three weeks. Programmers also determine the functionality of this global currency and many question the thought of risking their finances for some group of geeks. This prevents many from venturing into the system and increases the risk of Bitcoin investment ever so highly.

Monday, February 10, 2020

Jubilee Ace - Guide To Successfully Trade In The Major Cryptocurrencies


Cryptocurrency trading has taken the world by storm and this is what has become the norm for the majority of traders and investors. If you are keen enough to do your research before going into the trading, you stand a chance to enjoy real growth and profits in the end. Jubilee Ace provide best cryptocurrencies services. The worst you can do when it comes to this kind of trading is going into it blindly simply because it is what everyone else is doing. A little research on the major currencies and getting deep into buying and trading fundamentals can make a huge difference. Below are a few guidelines that will jolt you into success with your trading.



Take time to understand how the block chain works

Blockchain technology has redefined transactions and it is changing everything. Blockchain can be defined as a list of records that continually grow into blocks secured and linked using cryptography. The blockchains are data modification resistant and serve as public transaction ledger between parties. The transparent and decentralized nature of block chain makes it highly secure and in the world of hacking it is truly functional and reliable. It solves manipulation problems that have become so apparent in the world today. Whereas no single person can claim to understand everything that is blockchain, learning a few fundamentals will give you a much easier time with your trading.

Know and learn the top currencies

The virtual currency space is becoming crowded thanks to how popular the currencies have become. The fact is that there are more than 100 cryptocurrencies today, which means you need to know which ones are top and popular, so you can choose your buying and selling properly with profitability in mind. Bitcoin accounts for half of the entire market with the highest volume, but Litecoin and Ethereum are also top and giving Bitcoin a run. Find out as much as possible regarding the currency you are interested in. Jubilee Ace company is providing better making decisions; you can actually manage to trade more than one cryptocurrency without any challenge.



Mind the inherent risks

Bitcoin and other currencies are quite volatile even when compared the stock market and gold. Remember that this is still a technology in its early days and it does face lots of challenges. The profit probabilities are quite high but so are the risks to. Public sentiment about a currency can actually impact its prices. What goes up is most definitely bound to come down so be careful with the trade moves you make. The higher the risks the higher the rewards might be but be ready for losses as well. The best you can do whatever the cryptocurrency you choose is to keep an eye on events that can affect prices and act fast.

Tuesday, February 4, 2020

Jubilee Ace - 4 Most Important Cryptocurrencies


Bitcoin has been known by many to be the most famous decentralized cryptocurrency.
Jubilee Ace besides bitcoin there exists other altcoins that confer a great value as well. Are you interested in learning about other cryptocurrencies? Well, bitcoin is not alone. Here are others.

What is Cryptocurrency?

Cryptocurrency, as the name suggests, uses encrypted codes to effect a transaction. These codes are recognized by other computers in the user community. Instead of using paper money, an online ledger is updated by ordinary bookkeeping entries. The buyer's account is debited and the seller's account is credited with such currency.



How are Transactions Made on Cryptocurrency?

When a transaction is initiated by one user, her computer sends out a public cipher or public key that interacts with the private cipher of the person receiving the currency. If the receiver accepts the transaction, the initiating computer attaches a piece of code onto a block of several such encrypted codes that is known to every user in the network. Special users called 'Miners' can attach the extra code to the publicly shared block by solving a cryptographic puzzle and earn more cryptocurrency in the process. Once a miner confirms a transaction, the record in the block cannot be changed or deleted.

BitCoin, for example, can be used on mobile devices as well to enact purchases. All you need do is let the receiver scan a QR code from an app on your smartphone or bring them face to face by utilizing Near Field Communication (NFC). Note that this is very similar to ordinary online wallets such as PayTM or MobiQuick.

Die-hard users swear by BitCoin for its decentralized nature, international acceptance, anonymity, permanence of transactions and data security. Unlike paper currency, no Central Bank controls inflationary pressures on cryptocurrency. Jubilee Ace stored the Transaction in a Peer-to-Peer network. That means every computer chips in its computing power and copies of databases are stored on every such node in the network. Banks, on the other hand, store transaction data in central repositories which are in the hands of private individuals hired by the firm.



How Can Cryptocurrency be used for Money Laundering?

The very fact that there is no control over cryptocurrency transactions by Central Banks or tax authorities means that transactions cannot always be tagged to a particular individual. This means that we don't know whether the transactor has obtained the store of value legally or not. The transactee's store is similarly suspect as nobody can tell what consideration was given for the currency received.
What does Indian Law Say about such Virtual Currencies?

Virtual Currencies or cryptocurrencies are commonly seen as pieces of software and hence classify as a good under the Sale of Goods Act, 1930.

Being a good, indirect taxes on their sale or purchase as well as GST on the services provided by Miners would be applicable to them.

There is still quite a bit of confusion about whether cryptocurrencies are valid as currency in India and the RBI, which has authority over clearing and payment systems and pre-paid negotiable instruments, has certainly not authorized buying and selling via this medium of exchange.

Wednesday, January 29, 2020

Meet me where the sky touches the sea.

It is right precious to behold
The first long surf of climbing light
Flood all the thirsty east with gold.

Wednesday, January 22, 2020

Jubilee Ace - Expect the best. Prepare for the worst. Capitalize on what comes.

The first rule of any technology used in a business is that automation applied to an efficient operation will magnify the efficiency. The second is that automation applied to an inefficient operation will magnify the inefficiency.

Tuesday, January 14, 2020

Jubilee Ace - The Basics of Investing in Digital Currencies


Whether it's the idea of cryptocurrencies itself or diversification of their portfolio, people from all walks of life are investing in digital currencies. If you're new to the concept and wondering what's going on, Jubilee Ace are some basic concepts and considerations for investment in cryptocurrencies.
What cryptocurrencies are available and how do I buy them?

With a market cap of about $278 billion, Bitcoin is the most established cryptocurrency. Ethereum is second with a market cap of over $74 billion. Besides these two currencies, there are a number of other options as well, including Ripple ($28B), Litecoin ($17B), and MIOTA ($13B).



Being first to market, there are a lot of exchanges for Bitcoin trade all over the world. BitStamp and Coinbase are two well-known US-based exchanges. Bitcoin.de is an established European exchange. If you are interested in trading other digital currencies along with Bitcoin, then a crypto marketplace is where you will find all the digital currencies in one place. Here is a list of exchanges according to their 24-hour trade volume.

What options do I have to store my money?

Another important consideration is storage of the coins. One option, of course, is to store it on the exchange where you buy them. However, you will have to be careful in selecting the exchange. The popularity of digital currencies has resulted in many new, unknown exchanges popping up everywhere. Take the time to do your due diligence so you can avoid the scammers.

Another option you have with cryptocurrencies is that you can store them yourself. One of the safest options for storing your investment is hardware wallets. Companies like Jubilee Ace allow you store Bitcoins and several other digital currencies as well.



What's the market like and how can I learn more about it?

The cryptocurrency market fluctuates a lot. The volatile nature of the market makes it more suited for a long-term play.

There are many established news sites that report on digital currencies, including Coindesk, Business Insider, Coin Telegraph, and Cryptocoin News.

Digital currencies aim to disrupt the traditional currency and commodity market. While these currencies still have a long way to go, the success of Bitcoins and Ethereum have proven that there is genuine interest in the concept. Understanding the basics of cryptocurrency investment will help you start in the right way.

Monday, January 6, 2020

Jubilee Ace - Importance of Cryptocurrency as a Medium of Financial Transaction


These days, the global economy is just moving towards a complete digital eco-system and therefore everything starting from money transfer to investment are going paperless. And the cryptocurrency is the latest as well as the most capable addition to the field of digital payment. In Jubilee Ace the cryptocurrency is basically an exchange medium like the normal currencies like USD, but it is mainly designed for exchanging digital information. And here are some of the reasons why cryptocurrency has become so popular in the recent past.

1 Asset transfers:  The financial analysts often define cryptocurrency as the method that on a certain level can be used to enforce and execute two-party contracts on the commodities like real estate and automobiles. Besides, the cryptocurrency ecosystem is also used to ease some specialist transfer methods.



2 Transactions:  In the conventional methods of business dealings, legal representatives, agents, and brokers can add some great cost and enough complication to even the straightforward transaction. Besides, there are brokerage fees, commissions, paperwork and some other special conditions that may apply as well. On the other hand, the cryptocurrency transactions are one-to-one affairs that mainly take place on some peer-to-peer structure of networking. This thing results in better clarity in setting up audit trails, greater accountability and less confusion over making payments.

3 Transaction fees:  Transaction fees often take enough bite out of the assets of a person, mainly if the person performs loads of financial transactions every month. But as the data miners do number crunching that mainly generates different types of cryptocurrencies get the compensation from the network involved and therefore here the transaction fees never apply. Jubilee Ace may have to pay a certain amount of external fees for engaging the services of any third-party management services to keep up the cryptocurrency wallet.

4 More confidential method of transaction:  Under the credit/cash systems, the complete transaction history can become a reference document for the credit agency or bank involved, every time while making transaction. At the simplest level, this might include a check on the account balances to make sure the availability of adequate funds. But in the case of cryptocurrency, every transaction made between two parties is considered as a unique exchange where the terms can be agreed and negotiated. Besides, here the information exchange is performed on a "push" basis where one can exactly send what he/she likes to send to the recipient. This thing completely protects the privacy of the financial history as well as the threat of identity or account theft.

5 Easier trading system globally:  Although cryptocurrencies are mostly recognized as the legal tenders on the national levels, these are not dependent on the interest rates, exchange rates, transaction charges or any other levies that are imposed by any particular country. And by using the peer-to-peer method of the blockchain technology, transactions, and cross-border transactions can be performed without any complications.



6 Greater access to the credits:  The Internet and the digital data transfer are the media that ease cryptocurrency exchanges. Therefore, these services are available to people with knowledge of the cryptocurrency networks, a workable data connection and immediate action to the relevant portals and websites. The cryptocurrency ecosystem is capable of making transaction processing and asset transfer available to all the wiling people after the necessary infrastructure is present in place.

7 Strong security:  After authorizing the cryptocurrency transfer, this can't be reversed like the "charge-back" transactions of different credit card companies. This can be a hedge against the fraud that needs to make particular agreements between sellers and buyers about refunds of the return policy or a mistake in the transaction.

8 Adaptability:  There are around 1200 types of altcoins or cryptocurrencies present in the present world. Some of these are a bit of ephemeral, but an adequate proportion is used for specific cases, which depict the flexibility of this phenomenon.